Direct and Indirect Speech

‘Ogoh-ogoh’ dolls keep
tradition alive

Over the past several years, some Balinese have turned their hands to making miniature ogoh

ogoh dolls for local children. In the shops that line the streets of the village of Sukawati, for example, visitors can find dozens of brightly colored ogoh-ogoh for sale, some crafted from foam and sporting fake fur for their hair and moustaches, while others are dressed in traditional Balinese costume.

At the shop of wayang puppet maker Ketut Kubrata, a young woman is choosing the perfect effigy for her son.“I think I’ll take the red one. It is my son’s eighth birthday and he will feel really proud to play with the ogoh with his friends,” says 39-year-old Ariani, who has made the drive from Bongkasa for her purchase.

Ketut, 52, says that he has sold more than 400 ogoh dolls in the past two months, and the income has helped his family enormously. He is helped in the ogoh creation by his wife, Eno, and his 16-year-old daughter, Sri Kumalayanti.

“I’ve been helping Dad make the ogoh for the past two years,” Sri says. “I add the hair and moustaches and dress the dolls. I like this work because it is art. I can learn more about art and sculpture doing this work.” Sri also works alongside her father as a puppet maker.

“Normally I work as a barong [dancer] and puppet maker,” says Ketut. “So this ogoh doll making is a side job for a bit of extra income. It helps a great deal, and I am very proud to have my daughter also making the ogoh-ogoh. She is the only girl in Sukawati doing this and working as an artist,” says Ketut as he serves another customer, 40-year-old Bu Agung who is choosing a doll for her little son. The doll almost as large as the boy.

A few kiosks away, 24-year-old Komang Kumanadi is also busy finishing off ogoh dolls to sell on his last day of crafting the effigies before the holiday period for Nyepi begins.“I make the ogoh to sell to local kids who like to carry them through the streets. Some are burned, but most are kept as toys. I get different design ideas for the dolls from our Hindu stories, such as Hanoman, giants and nasty old women called celuluk. This Nyepi season I will earn after costs about $700, and that is a lot for my family,” says Komang.

He points out that only rarely are the large community ogoh-ogoh ever sold, but the popularity of children’s toy ogoh was growing.“There are no rules in our religion against making the dolls and it’s a side job that keeps my family going in the quiet times,” says Komang, who like Ketut and many others has found a way to earn an income through Bali’s traditions and religious beliefs, ensuring their survival into the future.

Direct and Indirect Speech.

Sentences	Direct Speech	Indirect Speech	Explanation
Statement :	1.    “I’ve been helping Dad make the ogoh for the past two years,” said Sri Kumalayanti. (Present Perfect Coutinuous) 2.    Sri says. “I add the hair and moustaches and dress the dolls. I like this work because it is art. I can learn more about art and sculpture doing this work.” (Simple Present)	1.  Sri Kumalayanti said that she had been helping her Dad make the ogoh for the past two years. (Past Perfect Countinuous) 2. Sri says (that) she added the hair, moustaches and dresses the dolls. She liked that work because it was art. She could learn more about art and sculpture doing that work. ( Simple Past)	Remove quotation mark, pronoun ( I ) is changed be (she). Because the sentence in direct speech is Present Perfect Continuous I’ve been helping So for change be indirect speech, we should use she had been helping. *notice (if the main verb of the sentence is in the present e.g., says No change is made in the verb tense or modal in the noun clause. In the direct speech use present so we should change into past tense. And this is also change be that. Can be could.
Question:	3.     Ade said, “Where are you going?” (continuous) 4.     She said, “Are you hungry?”	3. Ade said me where I was going. (Past Continuous) 4. She asked me whether I was hungry.	Change to continuous tense into past continuous tense. Where are you going I was going. For yes/no question, should use if/whether.
Imperative:	5.    He said me, “Clean the rest room 6.    “Close the door please!” said teacher.	5. He ordered me to clean the rest room. 6. Teacher said me to close the door please.	For imperative sentence, the words say and tell can be changed with ordered.

The Process of Changing Tenses in Direct and Indirect Speech.

Direct Speech	Indirect Speech
Simple present            Continuous                  Past Tense                   Present Perfect           Past Perfect                 Perfect Continuous     Past Continuous          Future Continuous       Future Continuous	Simple Past Past Continuous Past Perfect Past Perfect Past Perfect Past Perfect Continuous Past Perfect Continuous Present Continuoious Conditional Continuous

Source:           

Rinto, Ipnu. 2011. Super Cepat Kuasai 16 Tenses.Yogyakarta : Buku Pintar.

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